| Frequently Asked Questions |
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. An influenza pandemic happens:
when a new subtype emerges that has not previously circulated in humans
for which there is little of no immunity in the human population,
begins to cause serious illness and then spreads easily from person-to-person worldwide.
How do people become infected with influenza A(H1N1)?
Outbreaks in humans are now occurring from human-to-human transmission. When infected people cough or sneeze, infected droplets get on their hands, drop onto surfaces, or are dispersed into the air. Another person can breathe in contaminated air, or touch infected hands or surfaces, and be exposed. To prevent spread, people should cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing, and wash their hands regularly (WHO, 2009).
What are the signs and symptoms of infection?
The early signs of influenza A(H1N1) are fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, sore throat and runny nose, and sometimes vomiting or diarrhea.
How long does a pandemic influenza last?
The timing and severity of a pandemic cannot be predicted. A pandemic may last between one to two years, on average. Historically influenza pandemics have occurred three times in the past century - in 1918-19, 1957-58, and 1968-69. We are now at the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic.
What groups of the population are most likely to be affected during an influenza pandemic?
Although scientists cannot predict the specific outcome of an influenza pandemic, it is likely that many groups will be seriously affected. At greatest risk for hospitalization and death are infants, the elderly, pregnant woman, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. Again, few if any people would have immunity to the virus.
Why are we so worried about this pandemic possibility when thousands die every year from seasonal epidemics?
Seasonal epidemics occur every year and we are able to treat the virus with seasonal vaccines. A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic. It is a new virus and one to which the populations will have no immunity.
Which countries have been affected by the H1N1 outbreak?
The World Health Organization stated July 9, 2009 that
at this point, further spread of the pandemic, within affected countries and to new countries, is considered inevitable. . . The increasing number of cases in many countries with sustained community transmission is making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for countries to try and confirm them through laboratory testing. Moreover, the counting of individual cases is now no longer essential in such countries for monitoring either the level or nature of the risk posed by the pandemic virus or to guide implementation of the most appropriate response measures. (WHO, 2009, July 9)
Are anti-virals and vaccines available for prevention and treatment?
Tamiflu and Relenza are oral antivirals that are currently available and are effective for reducing the severity and duration of the illness. These medications can also be used prophylactically to decrease the number of new cases when an exposure has occurred. A vaccine is not available today but work is under way to develop a vaccine.
Is it safe to travel?
WHO is not recommending travel restrictions related to the outbreak of the influenza A(H1N1) virus.
What can I do to protect myself from catching influenza A(H1N1)?
The primary form of transmission of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus is similar to the seasonal flu -- via droplets that are expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. You can prevent getting infected by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza-like symptoms (trying to maintain a distance of about three feet if possible) and taking the following measures:
avoid touching your mouth and nose;
clean hands thoroughly with soap and water, or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub on a regular basis (especially if touching the mouth and nose, or surfaces that are potentially contaminated);
avoid close contact with people who might be ill;
reduce the time spent in crowded settings if possible;
improve airflow in your living space by opening windows;
practice good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active. (WHO, 2009)
How do I know if I have influenza A(H1N1)?
Without medical help you will not be able to tell the difference between seasonal flu and influenza A(H1N1). Much like the seasonal flu typical symptoms include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, headache, and body aches.
What should I do if I think I have the illness?
If you feel ill, have high fever, cough or sore throat:
stay home -- away from work, school or crowds;
rest and take plenty of fluids;
cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing and sneezing or use the crook of your elbow;
Clean your hands often with soap and water or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub;
try to avoid contact with other people;
seek medical attention.
Should I go to work if I have the flu?
No. Whether you have influenza A(H1N1) or a seasonal influenza, you should stay home and away from work through the duration of your symptoms. This is a precaution that can protect your work colleagues and others. If you should have any doubts about your health, you should check with your health care provider.