APA STYLE: PAPER AND ELECTRONIC
From the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [APA]. [REF BF76.7 P83 2001] 5th ed. and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007) [APA ER]
BOOKS | JOURNALS | NONPRINT | NON-PRINT SOURCES | INTERNET PAGES | ELECTRONIC DATABASES
Citing References in the Paper
? Use author and year. For a direct quote, include page number or paragraph number.  [APA 3.34]
? Multiple authors, up to five, should all be cited. For six or more, use the first author’s surname & et al. [APA 3.95]
? If there is no author, use the first few words of the title and the year. APA 3.97]
? All sources cited in the text should be included in the Reference List. [APA 4.02]
? Parenthetical references should immediately follow the quote, even in mid-sentence.
? The authors’ names may be included in the text (followed by the year and page numbers) in parentheses at the end of the quote. [APA 3.34]

Paraphrased, author in text: Smith and Wilson (2000) agree that the moon is green cheese.
Paraphrased: The moon is made of green cheese (Smith & Wilson, 2000),
Direct Quotation: “The moon is green cheese” (Smith & Wilson, 2000, p. 100).
Direct Quotation, no page. # “The moon is green cheese” (Smith & Wilson, 2000, ¶ 3).
Up to five authors “...green cheese.” (Smith, Wilson, Jay, Kent, & Grey, 2000, p.5).
Six or more authors “...green cheese.” (Smith, et al, 2000, p. 5).
No author “The moon is green cheese” (Moon analysis, 2000, p. 100)
Secondary citation  Jay, Kent, and Grey 's study (as cited in Smith & Wilson, 2000)
 

 

 

General Rules for Reference List
? All sources in the Reference list should be cited in the text. [APA 4.01]
? Double space with a hanging indent.  [APA 4.03]
? Italicize titles of books and journals, including the volume number of journals.  [APA 4.11]
? Capitalize only the first word for article titles, book titles, and chapter titles as well as for subtitles. Capitalize all significant words of a journal name.  [APA 4.10-12]
? Alphabetize by the first significant word of the citation, whether an author or title. [APA 4.04]
? All authors’ or editors’ names are Surname, A. A. If the author has a suffix such as Jr., separate with a comma. Surname, A. A., Jr. [APA 4.08]
? For corporate authors (businesses and organizations), include the entire name.  [APA 3.96]
? For editors, add (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the name or names.  [APA 4.08]
? For references with more than six authors, list the first six names, followed by et al.  [APA 3.95]
? Use the ampersand (&) sign rather than the word “and” before the last author names in a list of up to six. [APA 4.08]
? If there is no author or editor, begin with the title.  [APA 3.97]
Electronic Resources Only
? Follow other source information with the statement: Retrieved [month day, year], from [source URL] for open Web material. No retrieval date is necessary for database information.  [APA ER, p. 2]
? Give issue number for journals, magazines, and newsletters only if each issue begins on page 1 (give issue number in parentheses after the volume number [APA ER, p. 2]
? When the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material rather than to the material itself, use: Available from [source]. [APA 4.16 I95]
? URLs are only required for Web sites, not databases. Do not place a period after a URL.
? If DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available, include the DOI instead of the URL in the reference. Test the DOI [APA ER, p. 2]

References Examples – Books

 
BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR – DETAILED [APA 4.16 B]
                                      
?Doyal, L. ? (1995). ?What makes women sick: Gender and the political economy of health. ?Chicago: ?Nelson-Hall.________________________________________
          KEY:
? author (last name, first and middle initial) ? year of publication ? title ? place of publication ? publisher
BOOK WITH EDITORS AND EDITION NUMBER [APA 4.16 B23 & B25]
Noll, M. A. & Harlow, L. E. (Eds.). (2007). Religion and American politics: From the colonial period to the present (2nd ed.). New York:
         Oxford University Press.
BOOK WITH TWO TO SIX AUTHORS (more than six authors, after the sixth author use a comma and the words "et al." [not in italics]) [APA 4.16 B]
Kee, H. C., Meyers, E. M., Rogerson, J., & Saldarini, A. J. (1997). The Cambridge companion to the Bible. Cambridge, England:
          Cambridge University Press.

ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER, EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST [APA 4.16 B24]
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).

         Washington, DC: Author.

ARTICLE REPRINTED IN AN EDITED BOOK [APA 4.16 B34 & B40]
Miner, H. (2005). Body ritual among the Nacirema. In J. M. Henslin (Ed.), Down to earth sociology: Introductory readings
       (13th ed., pp. 77-91). New York: Free Press. (Reprinted from American  Anthropologist, 58 [3], 1956).

WORK OR CHAPTER WITHIN A LARGER WORK [APA 4.16 B34]
Nassar, V. H.. (2008). Biopsy.  In T. Iron-Georges (Ed.), Magill's medical guide (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 297-328).   St. Louis, MO:  Mosby.
ENCYCLOPEDIA, SIGNED ARTICLE [APA 4.16 B38]
Kingslake, R., & Thompson, B. J. (2002). Optics. In The Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 25, pp.  202-216). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
References Examples – Journals [APA 4.16A]   
                                                         
?Rosenthal, N. ? (1996). ?Molecular medicine: Tools of the trade -- recombinant DNA. ?New England Journal of Medicine,
         
            ? 28, ?315-317.
________________________________________
KEY:
? author  ? year ? article title ? journal title ? volume ? pagination or indicator of length
JOURNAL ARTICLE with CONTINUOUS PAGINATION, ONE AUTHOR [APA 4.16 A1]
Few, A. L. (2005). Voices of black and white rural battered women in domestic violence shelters. Family Relations, 54, 488-500.

JOURNAL ARTICLE with JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE [APA 4.16 A2, APA ER p. 2, para. 2]
Burke, A.(2006). “Do you smell fumes?”: Health, hygiene, and suburban life. ESC English Studies in Canada, 32 (4), 147-168.
JOURNAL ARTICLE, SEVEN or more AUTHORS [APA 4.16 A4] (Note the example of hyphenated first names [APA 4.08] )
Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D. G, Wang, Y.-W., Park, H.-J., Wang, L.-F., et al. (2006). Development
          and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 107-125.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE [APA 4.16 A6] (Note: Unlike journal articles, magazine citations should include month, or month and day, as given.)
Silk, J. B. (2006, March 3). Who are more helpful, humans or chimpanzees? Science, 311, 1248.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH AUTHOR [APA 4.16 A10]
Walt, K. (1999, September 20). TAAS often only barrier between student, diploma. Houston Chronicle, pp. A1, A8.
MOTION PICTURE (FILM, VIDEOTAPE) [APA 4.16 H65]
Wood, M. (Writer/Director), & Lyons, B. (Producer). (2004). In search of the Trojan war
         [Motion picture]. United States: Warner Home Video

INTERVIEW [APA 3.102]
Because an interview is not recoverable, you do not include it in the references. You may cite in your parenthetical references as (T. Jefferson, personal interview, July 4, 2008).

MUSIC RECORDING [APA 4.16H69] (When citing inside paper, include side and band or track numbers.)
Ellington, D. (1926). Mood indigo [Recorded by Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club Orchestra]. On Duke
     Ellington: Masterpieces 1926-1949 [CD]. Beckenham, Kent, England: Proper Records. (2001)
Reference Examples – Internet Pages [APA 4.16 I]

?Union of Concerned Scientists. ? (2007, January 5). ?Global warming solutions: Climate policy update. ? Retrieved
              January 29, 2007, ?from http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/climate-policy-update-01-2007.html     ________________________________________
                                                                                            KEY:
                                ? author  ? date ? document title ? access date  ? electronic address  [If no author #3 takes place of #1.]
WEB SITE WITHOUT AUTHOR OR DATE [APA 4.16 I77] [APA ER #46]

China the beautiful: Calligraphy of the masters. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.chinapage.com/china.html

PARTIAL WORK, NO AUTHOR [APA 4.16 I76]

Serbia (2008, June 20). In CIA world fact book. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rb.html

WEB SITE WITH AUTHOR AND UNIVERSITY [APA 4.16 I78]

Whitley, P. (1999). American cultural history 1920-1929. Retrieved from Lone Star College-Kingwood: http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade20.html

ONLINE PUBLICATION WITHOUT ASSIGNED DOI [APA ER #2 & #24]
Diet and cancer: Prevention and treatment of cancer. (2007). In The Merck manual home edition
      (2nd Ed.). Retrieved October 29, 2008, from http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec15/ch182/ch182j.html

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH ASSIGNED DOI [APA ER #1]
Wang, M., Kirk, J.S., Venkataraman, S., Domann, F.E., Zhang, H.J., Schafer, F.Q., et al. (2005). Manganese superoxide
     dismutase suppresses hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1  and vascular endothelial growth factor.
     Oncogene 24, 8154–8166. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208986
MAGAZINE ARTICLE ONLINE [APA 4.16 I72]
Farelly, E. (2008, March/April). Fear of not having had. Orion. Retrieved from http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/2949/

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ONLINE [APA 4.16 I89]
Stinebaker, J. (1999, August 9). Organ harvesting sparks dispute. Houston Chronicle. Metropolitan. Retrieved
      from http://www.chron.com/content/story.html/metropolitan/314054

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE [APA 4.16 I80 & 91]
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2008). Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell
       disease (AHRQ Publication No. 08-E 007). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
       Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS91282
VIDEO WEBLOG POST [APA ER #50]
C-SPAN (2008, October 15). Third 2008 presidential debate (Full Video) [Video File]. Video posted to
          http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvdfO0lq4rQ&feature=related
Reference Examples – Electronic Databases
ELECTRONIC BOOK [APA ER #7]

Moses, R. P. & Cobb, C. E. (2002). Radical equations. Boston: Beacon Press.
JOURNAL ARTICLE - Electronic [APA 4.16 I88]
                                                                                                               
?Wiens, A. G. ? (1998). ?Preoperative anxiety in women. ?AORN Journal, ?68 (1), ?74+. ?Retrieved  from

         Health Reference Center Academic database. 
________________________________________
                                                                                      KEY:
? author  ? year ? article title ? journal title ? volume (issue)  ? pagination or indicator of length ? supplier/database name.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR – Electronic [APA 4.16 A6] (Note: Unlike journal articles, in magazine citation include month, or month and day, as given.)

…And children’s bracelets. (2007, May). Child Health Alert. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.